This paper presents a cautious statistical and morphological analysis proposing — but not claiming to confirm — that the Voynich Manuscript's writing system may exhibit structural features consistent with Andalusian Arabic.

──────────────────────────────
WHAT THIS PAPER CLAIMS AND DOES NOT CLAIM
──────────────────────────────
This paper does not claim to have deciphered the manuscript. All analysis is organized into three strictly separated layers:

Layer 1 — Objective measurements (independently verifiable, no interpretation required)
Layer 2 — Structural patterns of uncertain significance
Layer 3 — Speculative hypotheses, clearly labeled at every point

Important methodological note: EVA is a glyph-labeling system, not a phonetic transcription. No argument in this paper claims that an EVA token matches an Arabic word because they look or sound similar. All such phonetic reasoning is explicitly avoided.

──────────────────────────────
LAYER 1: OBJECTIVE CORPUS STATISTICS (voynich.nu IT2a-n, N = 36,473 tokens)
──────────────────────────────
• Total tokens: 36,473 | Unique word types: 8,461 | Type/token ratio: 0.232
• Index of Coincidence: 0.0030 (below English ≈ 0.067, Arabic ≈ 0.076, random ≈ 0.038)
• Suffix '-dy': 1,125 word types = 17.4% of all tokens
• Suffix '-edy': 424 word types = 11.2% of all tokens
• Suffix '-iin': 11.3% of all tokens
• 'qok-' prefix family: 269 word types = 8.4% of all tokens
• Folios analyzed: 225 (all sections)

These figures are directly verifiable. No interpretation is attached to them.

──────────────────────────────
LAYER 2: STRUCTURAL PATTERNS (uncertain significance)
──────────────────────────────
• 'ch-' begins 5,850 tokens (16.0%); 'qo-' begins 5,202 tokens (14.3%); 'sh-' begins 3,159 tokens (8.7%)
• Word-final sequences '-dy', '-iin', '-edy', '-eey' together cover ~45% of all tokens
• The qok- family shows fixed initial + variable terminal structure (qokeey 308, qokeedy 301, qokain 277, qokedy 265, qokaiin 262...)

This prefix-plus-variable-root architecture is CONSISTENT WITH Semitic root-and-pattern morphology — but is equally consistent with a cipher convention or transcription artifact. No determination is made here.

──────────────────────────────
LAYER 3: SPECULATIVE HYPOTHESES (low confidence — offered for community testing)
──────────────────────────────
Nine proposed EVA-to-Arabic mappings, all marked LOW CONFIDENCE:

EVA 'ol' → al- (ال) definite article
EVA 'or' → aw (أو) or/conjunction
EVA 'dy' → dhi (ذي) which/that
EVA 'cthom' → thum (ثوم) garlic
EVA 'chor' → buraq (بورق) borax
EVA 'otal' → ratl (رطل) weight unit
EVA 'qol' → qala (قال) stated/cited
EVA 'shol' → sahl (سهل) easy/simple
EVA 'cthy' → kathir (كثير) many/multiple

──────────────────────────────
FOUR CANDIDATE DECODED LINES
──────────────────────────────
Applying the above mappings to four folios produces these candidate readings:
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. line 12 | or.shol.cthom.chor.cthy → "Or: simply — garlic with borax — many doses"
Consistent with: Ibn al-Baytar, Al-Mughni Ch.7; Abu l-Ala Zuhr, Mujarrabat Frag.2
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. line 6 | ychtaiin.chor.cthom.otal.dam → "Prescribe: borax — garlic — one ratl — [for blood]"
Consistent with: Ibn Wafid, Al-Adwiya al-Mufradah; Ibn al-Baytar Ch.6
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. line 9 | oeeo.dal.chor.cthom → "And evidence/guide: borax with garlic"
Consistent with: Abu l-Ala Zuhr, Mujarrabat; Ibn al-Baytar Ch.15
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. line 19 | qol.shey → "The authority stated" (standard citation formula)
Consistent with: Ibn al-Baytar, Al-Jami' (formula used 100+ times)

Note: Consistency with medieval sources confirms only internal coherence, not correctness. This is acknowledged as circular if used as proof. True confirmation requires an independent researcher to arrive at the same readings from the raw glyphs without prior knowledge of the proposed mappings.

──────────────────────────────
WHAT WOULD ACTUALLY CONFIRM THIS HYPOTHESIS
──────────────────────────────
1. A qualified Andalusian Arabic paleographer examining the glyphs directly (not EVA) and proposing correspondences independently
2. Formal entropy comparison of Voynich word structure against an Andalusian Arabic corpus
3. Detection of structural parallelism with a known Arabic source text
4. Empirical baseline: 10,000 permutation trials to calculate the actual chance rate
5. Expert assessment of whether the proposed grammar skeleton matches attested Andalusian Arabic morphology

Until these are addressed, this should be treated as a structured research proposal, not a finding.

──────────────────────────────
AI USE DISCLOSURE
──────────────────────────────
This research was conducted with assistance from Claude (Anthropic) and Grok for corpus analysis and text drafting. Research direction, source selection, and analytical framework were provided by the author. No human peer review was conducted prior to posting.

Full paper (APA 7 format) attached as PDF.
Feedback from Arabic linguists and Voynich specialists especially welcome.

Attached Files

  voynich_manuscript_APA.docx (Size: 23.25 KB / Downloads: 10)

No known language produces a 140 to 167 prefixes for its most frequent word.  The word would not make sense.  If you disagree show the list of words with the language and the prefix in front of that word and it probably does not have to be the most frequent word.

167 Unique values found

(863) [b]daiin[/b]
(60) o[b]daiin[/b]
(44) cho[b]daiin[/b]
(42) qo[b]daiin[/b]
(32) che[b]daiin[/b]
(23) sho[b]daiin[/b]
(21) y[b]daiin[/b]
(16) ch[b]daiin[/b]
(15) she[b]daiin[/b]
(11) cheo[b]daiin[/b]
(9) ol[b]daiin[/b]
(9) to[b]daiin[/b]
(8) oteo[b]daiin[/b]
(5) sheo[b]daiin[/b]
(5) pcho[b]daiin[/b]
(5) po[b]daiin[/b]
(5) oto[b]daiin[/b]
(4) chee[b]daiin[/b]
(4) pche[b]daiin[/b]
(4) opche[b]daiin[/b]
(3) ko[b]daiin[/b]
(3) opy[b]daiin[/b]
(3) ro[b]daiin[/b]
(3) so[b]daiin[/b]
(3) sh[b]daiin[/b]
(3) lo[b]daiin[/b]
(3) pch[b]daiin[/b]
(3) yto[b]daiin[/b]
(3) dal[b]daiin[/b]
(3) te[b]daiin[/b]
(3) tcho[b]daiin[/b]
(3) al[b]daiin[/b]
(3) p[b]daiin[/b]
(3) l[b]daiin[/b]
(3) qote[b]daiin[/b]
(3) ote[b]daiin[/b]
(3) op[b]daiin[/b]
(3) [b]daiin[/b]dy
(3) qoke[b]daiin[/b]
(3) qoe[b]daiin[/b]
(3) oke[b]daiin[/b]
(2) py[b]daiin[/b]
(2) fcho[b]daiin[/b]
(2) dcho[b]daiin[/b]
(2) dol[b]daiin[/b]
(2) oko[b]daiin[/b]
(2) kcheo[b]daiin[/b]
(2) tch[b]daiin[/b]
(2) olch[b]daiin[/b]
(2) olke[b]daiin[/b]
(2) or[b]daiin[/b]
(2) keo[b]daiin[/b]
(2) okeo[b]daiin[/b]
(2) teeo[b]daiin[/b]
(2) okeeo[b]daiin[/b]
(2) teo[b]daiin[/b]
(2) psho[b]daiin[/b]
(2) qoee[b]daiin[/b]
(2) yche[b]daiin[/b]
(2) oee[b]daiin[/b]
(1) cha[b]daiin[/b]
(1) [b]daiin[/b]y
(1) oka[b]daiin[/b]
(1) yo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qocho[b]daiin[/b]
(1) eto[b]daiin[/b]
(1) shfy[b]daiin[/b]
(1) fol[b]daiin[/b]
(1) chol[b]daiin[/b]
(1) t[b]daiin[/b]
(1) [b]daiin[/b]ol
(1) ctho[b]daiin[/b]
(1) chech[b]daiin[/b]
(1) kal[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ypch[b]daiin[/b]
(1) tolch[b]daiin[/b]
(1) do[b]daiin[/b]
(1) taro[b]daiin[/b]
(1) shep[b]daiin[/b]
(1) psh[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ksho[b]daiin[/b]
(1) chokcho[b]daiin[/b]
(1) dcheo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ycho[b]daiin[/b]
(1) cpheo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) seo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qofy[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qoto[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ytcho[b]daiin[/b]
(1) yctho[b]daiin[/b]
(1) [b]daiin[/b]o
(1) oe[b]daiin[/b]
(1) yteo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) opal[b]daiin[/b]
(1) sholfos[b]daiin[/b]
(1) yke[b]daiin[/b]
(1) tae[b]daiin[/b]
(1) oteeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) oeeeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) chl[b]daiin[/b]
(1) odee[b]daiin[/b]
(1) daror[b]daiin[/b]
(1) eeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) o?[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qopy[b]daiin[/b]
(1) pol[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ycheeyty[b]daiin[/b]
(1) [b]daiin[/b]ls
(1) sal[b]daiin[/b]
(1) keeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ararcho[b]daiin[/b]
(1) chto[b]daiin[/b]
(1) opo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ocheo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) cho[b]daiin[/b]dy
(1) qofch[b]daiin[/b]
(1) kche[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ???[b]daiin[/b]
(1) shol[b]daiin[/b]
(1) doleo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) fo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) se[b]daiin[/b]
(1) lkeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qokcheo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qoteo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) eeeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) cheot[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qop[b]daiin[/b]
(1) sotch[b]daiin[/b]
(1) yshe[b]daiin[/b]
(1) tsho[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qe[b]daiin[/b]
(1) cheolch[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ypo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) pshe[b]daiin[/b]
(1) lee[b]daiin[/b]
(1) lote[b]daiin[/b]
(1) cheee[b]daiin[/b]
(1) okee[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ykee[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qotee[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qoch[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qopche[b]daiin[/b]
(1) sheeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) kch[b]daiin[/b]
(1) lsh[b]daiin[/b]
(1) pcheo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) cheodoii[b]daiin[/b]
(1) otchee[b]daiin[/b]
(1) okche[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qokee[b]daiin[/b]
(1) chdo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qokeeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ofche[b]daiin[/b]
(1) chdyp[b]daiin[/b]
(1) tche[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qoko[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ycheeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) tcheo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ykeo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) cheoltche[b]daiin[/b]
(1) qeoo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) olche[b]daiin[/b]
(1) oshso[b]daiin[/b]
(1) otcheo[b]daiin[/b]
(1) dche[b]daiin[/b]
(1) ychee[b]daiin[/b]

}
Hallo,

ich bin neu hier und versuche gerade, die EVA-Transkription überhaupt erst zu verstehen.

Mir ist dabei eine kleine Sache aufgefallen, bei der ich unsicher bin:

In der Sequenz „qokedy daiin shol“ habe ich den Eindruck, dass die Wörter eventuell unterschiedliche Rollen haben könnten (z. B. etwas wie Prozess / Objekt / Ergebnis) – aber ich weiß nicht, ob ich mir da etwas einbilde.

Ist so ein strukturelles Lesen hier überhaupt sinnvoll, oder ist das ein typischer Denkfehler?

Ich wäre für jede Einschätzung dankbar

Hello,

I would like to present a structured approach I have been working on regarding recurring patterns in the Voynich manuscript.

My focus is not on a full linguistic translation, but on identifying stable, high-frequency token clusters and analyzing their functional role within the text.

The method is based on a fixed mapping of recurring sequences, applied consistently without interpretative adjustments.

When applying this approach, the text begins to show repeatable procedural structures, often following patterns such as:

substance → process → transformation

I am fully aware that many approaches to the Voynich manuscript have failed or overreached.
For that reason, I am not presenting a solution, but a model that can be tested, challenged, and potentially falsified.

I would be interested in your perspective on:

- the stability of recurring glyph clusters
- whether such a reduction approach is methodologically sound
- and how you would evaluate reproducibility in this context

If there is interest, I can provide concrete examples and mappings.

Best regards
René

For researchers looking to copy-paste You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. voynich.


You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.

Would you be surprised if I told you that the order of the pages of the Voynich Manuscript does not matter. Each page forms its own entity, independent of the other pages.

Concordantiae caritatis
HS 151
Stiftsarchiv und Stiftsbibliothek Lilienfeld, Austria
mid 14th century
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.

As Koen posted You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., this manuscript was highlighted by Volkhard Huth for containing two animals somewhat resembling the VM Scorpio. There's also crocodiles in a similar style.
   
   
   

But this manuscript also has far more interesting imagery.:

The overall composition of small roundels surrounding a large central one
Moon faces closely resembling the VM Cosmo section
   
   
   
   

Lots of figures pointing, including such with a beret like in VM You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. Moses is frequently portrayed with the same red cap
   
   
   
   

Some are shown from behind which might have been the inspiration for VM You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
   
   
   

Headdress closely resembling the VM Sagittarius crossbowman's
   
   

Dear Researchers and Scholars,

I am pleased to announce that the underlying system of the Voynich Manuscript (MS 408) has been successfully identified and decoded. Contrary to previous linguistic theories, the manuscript does not contain a "lost language," but rather a highly sophisticated Technical Index System based on the Latin Vulgate Bible.

The Discovery:
The decoding is based on a strict mathematical and clerical rule:
[Number-Index = Biblical Chapter] + [Character-Index = Initial letters of the Latin keyword].

Using the EvaT 2.0 (2025) character-accurate transcription, this "Vulgate-Index Grid" consistently yields coherent medical, botanical, and ritual instructions across all sections (Botany, Balneology, Cosmology). The decoded text describes exactly what is shown in the illustrations:

- Matthew 13 (Arbor/Granum/Lignum) for botanical structures and plant stems.
- Matthew 26 (Calicem/Chalice) for medicinal fluids and ritual basins.
- Matthew 8 & 9 (Tetigit/Dimittuntur/Ait) for healing protocols and purification.
- Psalms 36 (Fons) for water sources and resupply.

The Attached PDF Document Contains:
1. The Master Index Grid: The complete list of numbers and character pairs linked to their specific biblical sources.
2. Step-by-Step Methodology: Instructions on how to reproduce the decoding on any given page.
3. Extensive Proofs: Multiple pages decoded line-by-line with exact biblical citations (Chapter:Verse).

This system is reproducible, falsifiable, and statistically significant. It moves the conversation from subjective translation to objective data verification. I invite the community to verify the coordinates provided in the PDF using any standard Latin Vulgate.

The decoding is complete. The manuscript is a functional, ritualistic medical manual.

Link to the Full Decoding Protocol (PDF):
 You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.

Respectfully,
Aranyics Raymond

Hello all, 

In a similar spirit to oshdfk's processed images, I have processed a few of the plant images in an attempt to see any hidden detailing, or to highlight what is visible to get a better idea of how it looked before the painting process. This focuses on green paint, so the leaves of the plants.

My hunch is that due to such an awful painting job, much of the original detail was lost. This has negatively influenced our opinion on the quality of the drawings, of course. Were they really as bad as they seem now? 

f46v:
       

f87v:
       

f100r:
       

f100v-f101r 1-2:
       
       
       

f40v:
   
   

f8r:
       

A common theme between many of these are clearer leaf outlines and clearer leaf stems. You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. benefits a lot from this and looks far more inricate than at first glance. Look at the stem that has carefully been drawn behind the spikes of the leaf in front! These look to me to be quite inricate, deliberate details (similar in quality to many of the later pages, the containers etc). It's possible that the darker green paint, or heavier applied green paint has completely removed the previously visible detailing.

Unfortunately, I don't know if further MSI would help in any way, as in every available MSI image, these details aren't really any better than seen here. For example, the MSI image for You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. lacks these details completely. Perhaps a different wavelength would have different results?
On the other hand, the pages chosen for MSI analysis don't appear to be pages with any visible detail anyway, so maybe scans of other pages would actually be quite useful (sometime in the future).

I just read the paper You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. relevant because Rauwolf is one of the names often discussed in reconstruction of the VMS provenance. Quoting some relevant passages:

"The plants he [Rauwolf] collected formed the first two books of his plant collection. Rauwolf graduated in 1562 from the University of Valence, Dauphiné (Dannenfeldt 1968). In 1563, he carried out his "peregrinatio academica" traveling through the Alps to N. Italy. On the way, he collected the plants that formed the third book herbarium. Rauwolf visited Padua, Verona, Mantua, Ferrara, Bologna, Florence, Modena, Piacenza, Parma, Milan, and Como, heading forward through Switzerland to Germany. During this homeward journey, Rauwolf visited Conrad Gessner (1516–1565) in Zurich, accompanied by his friend and classmate from Montpellier, Johann Bauhin (1541–1613) (Durling 1965).
   
According to Legré (1900), that same year, Rauwolf met in Augsburg with Carolus Clusius (1526–1609), to which he presented the plants he had collected in France and Italy, and presumably accepted Clusius’ annotations and corrections of several plant names. Doubting Legré’s argument, Ganzinger (1963) attributed the numerous annotations and corrections found in Rauwolf’s herbaria to Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566), suggesting that Rauwolf, on his way back to Augsburg in 1563, also visited Fuchs, his former teacher in Tübingen.

In 1571, Rauwolf was appointed city physician of Augsburg, a position that he, as a devoted Protestant, lost 17 years later due to religious conflicts.Thereby getting into financial difficulties, he decided to sell his herbaria, which he achieved for a remarkable price, 310 Reichstaler, which had to be paid to Rauwolf by the imperial chamber.The four book herbaria were bought in 1593 by a commissioner of the Habsburg Emperor Rudolf II..."



I know that Rauwolf -> Widemann-> Rudolf is a likely chain that people often suggest. When reading this paper, though, I was also quite struck by the fact that Rauwolf's "pergrinatio academica" took him directly through the regions where we expect the VMS likely originated- it seems relatively plausible that Rauwolf could have obtained the VMS at some point in 1562 or 1563. I'm curious about whether his colleagues in that region (Clusius and Gessner), both of whom were avid curiosity collectors and who have extant correspondence in libraries, have been investigated as possible Voynich-owners or annotators. The only You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. doesn't seem to mention an exchange of books aside from the one Rauwolf wrote, but I haven't found an online archive of Gessner's letters yet. Fuchs may also be worth looking into!